TRANSLATED ARTICLES
WHY DON'T WE ALL PROTEST?
Abril, 2019
GIOVANA FARIA
Countless students demonstrated in recent weeks for a better climate policy. They are many, but they are not everyone. In the essay, the treffpunkteuropa.de columnist, Giovana Faria, presented the reasons that are possibly preventing the protests - whether in Europe, Brazil or East Asia.
Since childhood we have heard about the importance of environmental protection in school. We painted drawings with slogans like "Save the Planet", "Save the Trees", "Reduce, Reuse and Recycle". Since every action is followed by a reaction, the bill has now come. Now we are facing the biggest environmental crisis of all time.
Among the worrying cases that support the importance of the issue are the US, which left the Paris Agreement in 2018, and the environmental crime committed by mining company Vale in Brumadinho, Brazil, which has killed about 121 people.
The situation of Brazil in relation to the Paris Agreement is uncertain. In 2018, the president Jair Bolsonaro even defended the country's exit from the agreement. However, in the first month of his term during the World Economic Forum in Davos, he withdrew the statement and agreed to keep the agreement "for now". The current Minister of Environment, Ricardo Salles, said the emission reduction targets are in order, but the government's current concern is that such legislation could limit freedom, entrepreneurship and territorial management.
According to a UN report on the risks of climate change, if emissions remain as they are today, anthropogenic warming will exceed 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2040. Fortunately, not everyone disdains the environmental guidelines. The 16-year-old Swedish activist Greta Thunberg was the trigger for the start of the "Fridays for Future" protests, which prompted many students from several European countries to hold a school strike in favor of a new climate policy.
As I write this article, it is 36 degrees Celsius in the Brazilian city where I live. However, the thermal sensation is 42°. The industrialized countries are largely responsible for climate change, that is a fact. Although protests like #FridaysforFuture have just been happening in these developed countries, many critics are against them. But why is not everyone in the world protesting yet when we are we looking at a major catastrophe?
There is a factor that offers a possible explanation for the situation of developing and emerging economies in particular: According to a report published in the Asia-Pacific Development Journal, a large percentage of emerging market populations depend on climate-damaging sectors - and opportunities for improvement are low. In order to accelerate economic growth and reduce poverty, developing countries need to advance their industrial development. Greenhouse gas emissions rise, which leads to significant climate changes. In other words, we must offer developing and emerging countries opportunities to fight poverty without at the same time promoting greenhouse gas emissions.
Brazilian environmental policy began after the 1930s and its development is mainly due to pressure from international organizations such as the World Bank, the UN and NGO environmental movements. However, an article by the Federal University of Espírito Santo reveals the long process of implementing Brazilian environmental policy, which had been formalized until 1989 but had not yet been implemented. Environmental permits were effectively regulated at the national level only at the end of the 1990s, and the Environmental Crimes Bill was only adopted in 1998.
Brazil leads the Global Witness report as the country with the highest number of deaths among environmental activists. In 2017 there were 57 deaths. Of symbols of resistance that went down in history, such as Chico Mendes (1944-1988), who organized a movement to raise awareness of the survival of the forests, to Maria do Socorro Silva, a Brazilian woman fights the largest aluminum refinery in Amazônia. NGOs such as AIESEC, WWF Brasil, CI-Brasil and FBDS are committed to protecting the environment and working on projects based on United Nations development goals. The greater the awareness that, it is no longer about a preventive campaign, but a rescue plan for the Earth, the more efficient the fight will be.
POR QUE TODOS NÓS NÃO PROTESTAMOS?
Abril, 2019
GIOVANA FARIA
Inúmeros estudantes protestaram nas últimas semanas por uma política climática melhor. Eles são muitos, mas não são todos. Neste artigo, a colunista do treffpunkteuropa.de, Giovana Faria, considerou as razões que estão impedindo os protestos - seja na Europa, no Brasil ou no Leste da Ásia.
Desde a infância ouvimos falar da importância da proteção ambiental na escola. Nós pintamos desenhos com slogans como "Salve o Planeta", "Salve as Árvores", "Reduza, Reutilize e Recicle". Como cada ação é seguida por uma reação, a conta chegou agora. Estamos enfrentando a maior crise ambiental de todos os tempos.
Entre os casos preocupantes que corroboram com a importância do debate estão os EUA, que deixaram o Acordo de Paris em 2018, e o crime ambiental cometido pela mineradora Vale em Brumadinho, em Minas Gerais, que já matou cerca de 121 pessoas.
A situação do Brasil em relação ao Acordo de Paris é incerta. Em 2018, o presidente Jair Bolsonaro chegou a defender a saída do país do acordo. No entanto, no primeiro mês de seu mandato durante o Fórum Econômico Mundial em Davos, ele retirou a declaração e concordou em manter o acordo "por enquanto". O atual Ministro do Meio Ambiente, Ricardo Salles, disse que as metas de redução de emissões estão em ordem, mas que a atual preocupação do governo é que tal legislação possa limitar a liberdade, o empreendedorismo e a gestão territorial.
Segundo um relatório traçado pela ONU sobre os riscos de mudanças climáticas, se as emissões continuarem como estão atualmente, o aquecimento induzido pelo homem ultrapassará a marca de 1,5 graus Celsius – meta estabelecida pelo Acordo de Paris – por volta de 2040. Felizmente, nem todos desdenham das pautas ambientais. A jovem ativista sueca de apenas 16 anos, Greta Thunberg foi o gatilho para o início dos protestos “Fridays for Future”, ação que levou milhares de estudantes de vários países europeus às ruas em uma greve escolar em prol de novas políticas climáticas.
Enquanto eu escrevo este artigo, faz 36° graus Celsius na cidade em que moro no Brasil. No entanto, a sensação térmica é de 42°C. Os países industrializados são amplamente responsáveis pela mudança climática, isso é um fato. Embora protestos como o #FridaysforFuture tenham acontecido nesses países desenvolvidos, muitos críticos são contra eles. Mas por que nem todos estão protestando se estamos diante de uma grande catástrofe?
Há um fator que oferece uma possível explicação para a situação dos países em desenvolvimento em particular: De acordo com um relatório publicado no Asia Pacific Development Journal, uma grande porcentagem das populações de países emergentes depende de setores prejudiciais ao clima - e as oportunidades de melhoria são baixas. A fim de acelerar o crescimento econômico e reduzir a pobreza, os países em desenvolvimento precisam avançar em seu desenvolvimento industrial. A emissão de gases de efeito estufa aumenta, o que consequentemente leva a mudanças climáticas significativas. Em outras palavras, devemos oferecer aos países em desenvolvimento e emergentes alternativas e oportunidades de combate à pobreza sem, ao mesmo tempo, promover emissões de gases de efeito estufa.
A política ambiental federal brasileira começou a ser planejada a partir da década de 30 e sua evolução deve-se, principalmente, à pressão de organismos internacionais, como o Banco Mundial, a ONU e movimentos ambientalistas de ONGs. Mas um artigo da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES) expõe o demorado e tardio processo de implementação da política ambiental brasileira que, até 1989, embora já formalizada, não havia sido implementada de fato, demonstrando um atraso do país com relação a este tema de grande importância. O licenciamento ambiental só foi regulamentado efetivamente em âmbito nacional no final da década de 90 e a Lei de Crimes Ambientais foi aprovada somente em 1998, passando a considerar crime o funcionamento de atividades potencialmente poluidoras sem a devida licença ambiental.
O Brasil lidera o relatório da Global Witness como o país com o maior número de mortes entre ativistas ambientais. Em 2017 houve 57 mortes. Desde símbolos de resistência que entraram para a história, como Chico Mendes (1944-1988), que organizou um movimento para a conscientização de que nossa sobrevivência dependia da conservação das florestas, até Maria do Socorro Silva, uma brasileira que luta contra a maior refinaria de alumínio da Amazônia e foi destaque em uma série do jornal britânico The Guardian. ONGs como AIESEC, WWF Brasil, CI-Brasil e FBDS são engajadas com a preservação ambiental e trabalham com projetos que têm como base as metas de desenvolvimento da ONU. Quanto maior a conscientização de que não se trata mais de uma campanha preventiva e sim de um esquema de resgate da Terra, mais eficiente será a luta.
OUR UTERUS BELONGS TO THE GOVERNMENT
Janeiro, 2019
GIOVANA FARIA
In 2018 were the emotional and the controversial discussed: abortions. Based on examples from Poland and from her home country, Brazil, the treffpunkteuropa.de columnist, Giovana Faria, gives an insight into the discourse in her essay.
Abortion has always been a controversial subject to discuss in certain cultures. While some see this act as immoral and something that should not even be debated or considered, others see the situation in its entirety and understand it as a public health agenda. However, 2018 was a year of victory for Irish women: the bill for the legalization of abortion went through the final stages of the parliament. Ireland Health Minister Simon Harris announced and celebrated the achievement on his Twitter account:
"Just over 200 days ago, you, the people of Ireland, voted to revoke the 8th so we could look after women with compassion. Today we passed the law to make it a reality. A vote to end the lonely days, end the stigma and support the choices of women in our own country." - Simon Harris on Twitter
Each achievement like this is valid and should be celebrated, but unfortunately this is far from being a reality for many countries. While smaller countries such as Cuba and Uruguay have already legalized abortion without restrictions, Brazil, South America's largest country, is not only light-years away from this acquisition but is now also undergoing even more regressive projects proposed by the new Minister for Women, Family and Human Rights, the evangelical pastor Damares Alves.
In addition to Damares saying that she does not intend to propose any bill to legalize abortion until the 12th week of gestation, the minister advocates approving a financial aid program for raped women who decide to keep the pregnancy. The controversial project was renamed "Bolsa Estupro" (translated to Rape Aid)." According to the Statute, the amount must be paid by the rapist and, if he is not identified, the money will be provided by the government. Many women and activists are dissatisfied with the measure that is simply assigning the criminal the role of father.
41% of Brazilians are against any type of abortion.
While many struggle to reverse this scenario, others have a vision that goes against the law itself. According to a survey conducted by the Brazilian research institute Datafolha, 41% of Brazilians are against abortion even in case of rape. In Brazil, abortion is only allowed under three circumstances:
- when pregnancy is the result of rape;
- when there is risk of life for the woman;
- if the fetus is anencephalic.
The obstacles faced in achieving total legalization of abortion in Brazil are similar to those in Poland: parties that mix religious principles with government issues affecting the general population. The strengthening of the Polish Catholic Church in the current political context has consolidated support for the limitations on women's reproductive rights. Since 2016, Polish women are struggling to counter restrictions imposed by the Law and Justice party.
Back in Brazil, Damares Alves assumed the position of Minister of Women, Family and Human Rights on January 2nd, and in her inaugural address stated: "The State is laic, but this minister is terribly Christian." The controversial statement makes explicit the religious influence that her mandate may suffer in addressing issues such as abortion, family setting and gender equality.
Not only the deputies who voted on the bills of Brazil and Poland are responsible for this retrogression, but the population itself is extremely divided and, unfortunately, conservatism still has a strong presence in both countries.